What Is a Sports Physical Exam?

A sports physical exam, also called a preparticipation physical examination (PPE), is a comprehensive medical evaluation that determines whether an athlete is medically cleared to safely participate in a specific sport. The primary goal of the PPE is to prevent injuries and medical emergencies on the field or court.

Sports physicals are typically required for children and teens before joining a team and are often repeated before each new season. Most state governments mandate PPEs as part of their regulations.

It is recommended that athletes undergo the sports physical at least six weeks before the season begins to allow time for any necessary precautions or treatment.

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Medical History Review

The first step in a sports physical is a detailed medical history review. This is crucial to identify any conditions that could pose risks during intense physical activity. Information gathered includes:

  • Family history of illnesses
  • Participant’s chronic or past medical conditions
  • Current health status
  • Previous hospitalizations or surgeries
  • Allergies, especially severe reactions
  • History of musculoskeletal injuries or concussions
  • Any episodes of chest pain or breathing difficulties
  • History of dizziness or fainting
  • Current medications, including prescriptions, over-the-counter, or supplements

This information helps the physician tailor recommendations, prescribe medications if needed, or advise specific precautions during sports participation. In rare cases, the exam may reveal health risks that contraindicate participation in certain sports.

Physical Examination

The physical exam aims to detect any abnormalities or warning signs of underlying medical conditions. The doctor evaluates overall health and vital signs to ensure the athlete can safely engage in sports activities. Key elements of the exam include:

  • Measurement of height and weight
  • Checking pulse and blood pressure
  • Assessing visual acuity and eye health
  • Examining the ears, nose, and throat
  • Evaluating heart, lung, and abdominal function
  • Assessing posture, muscular strength, and flexibility

In some cases, additional tests such as an electrocardiogram (EKG) may be performed to further assess heart function or other diagnostic needs.