What Is Osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis is a condition in which bones become weak, brittle, and more susceptible to fractures. Throughout life, bone tissue continuously breaks down and rebuilds. However, as people age, bone loss begins to outpace the formation of new bone. This imbalance leads to a gradual decrease in bone density and strength, resulting in osteoporosis. The condition is especially common in older adults, particularly post-menopausal women.

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Symptoms of Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis often develops silently and without noticeable symptoms. Many people are unaware they have it until they experience a bone fracture. As the disease progresses, symptoms may include:

  • Back pain caused by a collapsed vertebra
  • Stooped or hunched posture
  • Gradual loss of height
  • Fragile bones that fracture easily

One of the most serious risks associated with osteoporosis is a hip fracture, often caused by a fall. Osteoporotic bones are so weakened that even everyday activities or minor movements, such as bending or lifting, can lead to spinal compression fractures.

Risk Factors for Osteoporosis

While osteoporosis most commonly affects individuals over 60, especially women after menopause, several other factors may increase the risk, including:

  • Family history of osteoporosis
  • Overactive thyroid or other hormonal disorders
  • Low calcium or vitamin D intake
  • Eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa
  • Long-term use of corticosteroids
  • Small, thin body frame
  • Caucasian or Asian ethnicity
  • Smoking
  • Heavy alcohol use

These risk factors can contribute to decreased bone mass and make bones more prone to fractures.

Diagnosis of Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is typically diagnosed through a combination of a physical exam, a review of symptoms, and a full medical history. Diagnostic tools include:

  • X-rays to detect bone fractures or bone loss
  • Bone density tests (DEXA scan) to measure the mineral content of bones and assess their strength

Early diagnosis allows for timely treatment and helps prevent future fractures.

Treatment of Osteoporosis

Although lost bone cannot be restored, treatment can help manage the condition and prevent further bone weakening. A comprehensive treatment plan may include:

  • Medications, such as bisphosphonates to slow bone loss, or estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) for post-menopausal women
  • A calcium- and vitamin D-rich diet to support bone health
  • Regular weight-bearing and strength-training exercises to improve balance and muscle strength
  • Lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking and limiting alcohol use
  • Regular bone density screenings to monitor bone health and progression

With proper care and lifestyle adjustments, individuals with osteoporosis can reduce their risk of fractures and maintain a higher quality of life.